Who answers the 3am call when DeFi breaks?

Welcome to our institutional newsletter, Crypto Long & Short. This week:

• To win over big investors, DeFi builders must act like accountable money managers, not just software developers, writes Ben Nadareski.
• Bitcoin holders can survive crashes and protect their assets by earning income through reinsurance, says Stephen Stonberg.
• Top headlines institutions should pay attention to by Helene Braun.
• “Hyperliquid’s 70% Rally: What Drove HYPE from $40 to $75 in Six Weeks” in Chart of the Week.

-Alexandra Levis

Expert Insights

Who answers the 3am call when DeFi breaks?

By Ben Nadareski, co-founder and CEO of Solstice

Last week, I shared something with CoinDesk that I want to sit with a little longer. A few minutes in an interview didn’t do it justice. My suggestion is that anyone building in DeFi should think of themselves as a financial asset manager who happens to write code, rather than as a software team that handles money.

A few people pushed back, so let me take one step further: the thing institutions really want from us has almost nothing to do with the code. They want to answer an age-old question: “When something goes wrong, who picks up the phone?”

So far, the answer has been nobody. The code is law: no company, no jurisdiction and no name on the door. For a while, we pushed that as the unique selling proposition (USP), and I understand the appeal. “Trust the contract, not the human” can feel like the safer bet, but if you spend time with a risk committee, you’ll see how strange it sounds to them.

They don’t underwrite code; they assess people and processes. They want to know who signed off, who can move funds, what happens at 3am when a key is compromised and whose responsibility it is to have considered those risks. If you hand them a brilliant protocol written by an anonymous team, with a multi-signature wallet (multisig) controlled by a group of people who have never met each other, the committee will not view it as an innovation. Instead, they will see it as an operational risk they can’t yet price.

And here’s where I’ve landed: the accountability they’re asking for is what lets decentralisation grow up. You get to keep the openness, the composability and the permissionless rails — all of it — while still answering the basic questions any serious financial steward should be able to address.

What does that look like in practice? It means having reserves you can verify in real time, allowing anyone to check solvency rather than relying on assertions in a blog post or press release. It includes controls to ensure that no single person can move significant amounts of money alone, because that’s standard practice in well-run institutions (and it should embarrass us that most protocols don’t adhere to this). None of this is a big ask; it’s the bare minimum.

I get the skepticism. People might say this is how you compromise on the speed that makes crypto alluring. I see it differently, though. Moving fast on what you build is a gift, whereas moving fast with other people’s money (with no one willing to be accountable for it) isn’t speed, it’s just risk waiting for a deadline. April showed us some of those deadlines, and there will be more.

The audience for getting this right has already changed. The institutions everyone keeps waiting for aren’t on their way. They’re already here, managing real money on these rails right now while half the industry debates whether they belong. The platforms that win in the next few years will be the ones that can include a Galaxy or Susquehanna alongside someone opening their first wallet in Lagos. Both should have the same access and the same protections, and both should know who is accountable when it counts.

That’s the bar I want us to be measured against, and I want it set higher than the banks — not on the same level. Not because regulators are coming, although they are. The harder question is whether we’ll build it ourselves or wait for someone else to force our hand.

Principled Perspectives

The centuries-old structure solving bitcoin’s yield problem

By Stephen Stonberg, CEO and co-founder, Tabit Insurance

Bitcoin holders face a dilemma: how do you preserve ownership through market stress without being forced into actions that destroy long-term value? The answer is not another “crypto yield wrapper”. As bitcoin BTC$61,902.48 adoption matures, a centuries-old financial structure is emerging as a compelling alternative: reinsurance.

BTC is currently trading well below its 2025 highs, and the drawdown is testing conviction across the investor spectrum. The investors who build lasting wealth are not those who predict bottoms or avoid drawdowns; they are the ones who can hold through corrections without being forced to sell. That requires a way to generate income from a long-term bitcoin position without relying on bitcoin’s price direction.

Why the traditional bitcoin yield playbook fails when you need it most

Most yield offerings fall into two buckets: options strategies that monetize volatility, and lending platforms that rehypothecate assets. Both tend to break precisely when stress arrives. Options strategies expose holders to path dependency, volatility regime shifts and counterparty risk, with yield that vanishes when margin calls hit. Lending platforms can be worse: bitcoin disappears into opaque collateral chains, and when liquidity dries up, so does the capital behind it.

Reinsurance is a different source of yield entirely

Reinsurance is insurance for insurance companies, allowing primary insurers to transfer portions of their risk portfolio to limit exposure to large-scale events. These contracts operate independently of financial markets, creating a structurally different return profile that combines underwriting profits with conservative leverage, a time-tested approach that predates cryptocurrency by centuries.

The key insight is that reinsurance returns are driven by real-world risk selection and pricing rather than bitcoin’s price direction. Hurricane risk in Florida does not care if bitcoin is trading at $40,000 or $100,000. This creates historically low correlation to both crypto markets and public equity beta with genuine diversification, rather than repackaging the same underlying exposures.

The mechanics

The structure is simple: post bitcoin as capital in a regulated (re)insurance vehicle, write USD-denominated policies and collect premiums in dollars. Reserves are held in cash and cash equivalents, using standard trust and custody mechanics, keeping the bitcoin ring-fenced as capital, not rehypothecated. Reinsurance is structurally advantaged here. BTC remains in institutional-grade custody within a corporate structure with legal segregation intended to isolate different investors’ assets, with investors able to have 24/7 on-chain proof of their bitcoin capital. This preserves the core objective: maintaining BTC exposure for long-term appreciation, while generating dollar cash flows from uncorrelated reinsurance premiums.

Why institutions should consider reinsurance

Recent 13F filings suggest that long-duration institutional investors are not all running for the exit. Select endowments, public pension plans and sovereign wealth-backed investors have added or maintained bitcoin ETF exposure through the drawdown, underscoring that sophisticated allocators are increasingly treating regulated bitcoin exposure as a long-term portfolio position rather than a purely tactical trade.

But staying the course is easier to justify when a bitcoin position can produce cash flow without depending on price appreciation alone. Reinsurance operates within established regulatory perimeters, supported by actuarial discipline, underwriting controls and capital adequacy standards. For institutions thinking in decades, that distinction matters. The objective is not to chase incremental yield by taking on more crypto-native risk. It is to keep bitcoin exposure intact, earn dollar-denominated income from an independent risk pool and reduce the likelihood that market stress forces a sale at precisely the wrong time.

Headlines of the week

By Helene Braun

A dormant Satoshi-era bitcoin wallet moved after 14 years as the owner became the target of a $285 billion lawsuit, with notice served through Bitcoin’s blockchain; institutional investors continued pulling money from bitcoin ETFs even as BTC revisited the $60,000 level that attracted buyers earlier this year; and DFG CEO James Wo, who built a billion-dollar crypto investment firm from a $20 million family-backed start, said he remains bullish on bitcoin while questioning some of the market’s most aggressive ether price forecasts.

Chart of the Week

Hyperliquid’s 70% rally: what drove HYPE from $40 to $75 in six weeks

HYPE ran from ~$44 to an ATH of $75.52 in six weeks (early May to June 3), as spot ETF launches from Bitwise and 21Shares drove over $130 million; the ATH broke on June 2–3 as TD Securities published the first major bank report documenting Hyperliquid beating CME to oil price discovery, with Grayscale’s HYPG ETF launching the same day.

Listen. Read. Watch. Engage.

• Listen: $3 billion leaves Bitcoin ETFs. Why Wall Street isn’t panicking. Jennifer Sanasie is joined by David LaValle to unpack a $2.97 billion outflow streak from Bitcoin ETFs, Bloomberg’s Eric Balchunas explains why the recent outflows may be more noise than signal and Stellar Development Foundation CEO Denelle Dixon discusses DTCC’s decision to select Stellar.
• Read: In “Crypto for Advisors”, Beth Haddock reviews the three due diligence questions advisors should be asking in 2026. Then, Aaron Brogan reviews the GENIUS Act implementation timeline and how things will change once it’s here.
• Watch: “I will not vote for CLARITY until we address ethics.” Senator Angela Alsobrooks joins CoinDesk Policy Protocol hosts Rebecca Rettig and Renato Mariotti to discuss the three outstanding issues she needs resolved before voting the CLARITY Act off the Senate floor.
• Engage: The CoinDesk: Policy & Regulation event is heading back to Washington, D.C. on September 24. This one-day event connects law makers with chief legal officers, compliance officers and policy experts to discuss the future of digital asset industry standards.

Looking for more? Receive the latest crypto news from coindesk.com and market updates from coindesk.com/institutions.

Note: The views expressed in this column are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CoinDesk, Inc., CoinDesk Indices or its owners and affiliates.