ICE Spent $525 Million on Surveillance Tech. Some of It Is Infringing on Americans’ Freedom of Speech.

Since the beginning of President Donald Trump’s second term, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has spent over $525 million on surveillance technologies, including millions in private contracts to “dramatically expand the agency’s ability to monitor online critics and potential threats,” according to a Wall Street Journal report published on Monday. The report has revealed more details about the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) emerging surveillance dragnet used to track, unmask, and prosecute critics of ICE, and its chilling effect on Americans’ constitutionally protected speech. 

Many of the contracts the report cites are part of an initiative headed by ICE’s Office of Professional Responsibility where contractors are asked to compile daily reports on potential online threats, including information such as “the poster’s name, location, date of birth, workplace, Social Security number, vehicle registration and criminal history when possible,” writes the Journal. This information is collected by monitoring social media sites, public documents, and police reports “to identify and map key relationships of users who have been flagged as a ‘threat originator,'” and analyzed via AI-powered software to identify “potential threats before they come to fruition.”

The DHS claims such broad and sweeping data collection is necessary to defend agents from doxxing, and told the Journal that “these efforts are focused on credible threats of violence directed against the ICE workforce.” 

But First Amendment advocates argue that the agency’s threat barometer is set too high. And instead of focusing on true threats, a form of unprotected speech where the speaker expresses serious intent to commit violence against a person or group, the DHS has used this information to intimidate Americans who’ve expressed their constitutionally protected opinions on matters of public concern. 

In one such case previously reported by Reason, ICE attempted to identify an anonymous Reddit user who goes by the name Tired_Thumb through an administrative subpoena seeking the user’s name, address, phone number, length of service, and I.P. addresses. Reddit notified the user of the request, who obtained counsel and challenged the unmasking subpoena in federal court. And although ICE withdrew its subpoena, federal prosecutors soon escalated to a grand jury subpoena in April. 

“As far as I can tell, all of this is about people saying naughty things about ICE and immigration enforcement,” Lauren Regan, the attorney representing Tired_Thumb, told the Journal. “Nothing that comes close to true threats.” 

Tired_Thumb’s Reddit posts, reviewed and published in part by the Journal, include such threatening sentiments as “ACAB” for “all cops are bastards” and “abolish ICE and erase all borders.” One post was in response to a different post claiming to have identified the ICE agent in a viral video who helped drag a potentially pregnant woman in Minnesota, providing the publicly available phone number associated with that name. These posts, although controversial to some, express Tired_Thumb’s opinions on immigration enforcement policy, a matter of ongoing public debate, and are strongly protected under the First Amendment. 

Even still, a judge denied Tired_Thumb’s motion to quash the grand jury subpoena last month, but granted a motion to stay the case pending appeal, reports the Journal. 

Tired_Thumb is far from the only one facing infringement on freedom of speech since the expansion of ICE’s surveillance dragnet, which “has investigated at least 131 incidents of doxxing and threats…between January 2025 and March of this year,” according to the Journal. Some individuals whose identities have been successfully obtained by federal agencies have been tracked down and visited by federal officers and asked to sign documents claiming their posts regarding immigration enforcement activity may have violated federal law. But in many cases, criminal charges aren’t being filed, making it difficult to challenge the federal government’s activity in court, Regan told the Journal. “If they just want to use this as an intimidation tactic, it’s not even a fair fight.” 

There’s a lot more to learn about the federal government’s growing surveillance apparatus and how it may or may not infringe on Americans’ right to uninhibited, robust, and wide-open public debate under the First Amendment. But so far, the DHS and ICE have failed to respond to requests for public records regarding any database used to track or unmask critics of the Trump administration’s immigration policies, making it difficult to ensure constitutional compliance.