engineer says AI agents could break the internet’s ad-based economy

Coinbase engineering head Erik Reppel offered a glimpse into how artificial intelligence could reshape the economics of the internet, arguing that AI agents may force a shift away from the web’s ad-driven business model.

Speaking onstage at Consensus Miami 2026, Reppel, the founder of the x402 payments protocol and head of engineering at Coinbase Developer Platform, said the internet was originally built around humans interacting with websites, not software interacting with software.

“The internet was designed for humans to use,” Reppel said. “We now live in a world where both humans and computers operate and computers operate computers.”

Today’s web economy depends heavily on advertising revenue generated when humans visit websites and view ads, according to Reppel. But AI agents, he said, bypass that system entirely.

“Agents don’t see those ads. They just ignore those ads completely,” he said.

That dynamic could push the internet toward new monetization models built around native digital payments, particularly stablecoin-powered micropayments.

“If a human visits a website, show them an ad. If an agent visits a website, charge them five cents,” Reppel said.

He framed x402, an open payments protocol built around the long-unused HTTP 402 “Payment Required” status code, as infrastructure for that future. The protocol is designed to let AI agents make automatic payments for APIs, content and digital services using crypto rails.

Reppel said the rise of autonomous AI systems, or what he called the “agentic economy,” could create a massive new market for internet-native payments. He cited estimates projecting the sector could grow to between $3 trillion and $5 trillion within four years.

The comments reflect a broader effort within the crypto industry to position stablecoins and blockchain-based payments as foundational infrastructure for AI-driven commerce.

“Agents really are the browser of the future,” he said.

Read more: AI agents are breaking web economics, but Cloudflare says x402 can help